Definition: The Sunnah is the second primary source of Shariah, serving as a guide for interpreting and practicing the Quran.
Purpose: It explains the teachings of the Quran and is viewed as a revelation from Allah.
Authority in Quran:
“And We revealed to you the Reminder so that you may clarify to people what has been revealed to them” (Quran 16:44).
“He does not speak from his own desire. It is nothing but a revelation revealed” (Quran 53:3-4).
“Whoever obeys the Messenger has indeed obeyed Allah” (Quran 4:80).
“Whatever the Messenger gives you, take it, and whatever he forbids you, abstain from it” (Quran 59:7).
2. Ijma (Consensus)
Definition: Ijma refers to the unanimous agreement of Muslim scholars on matters of Islamic law.
Authority in Hadith:
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said, “My Ummah will never agree upon error.” (Sunan Ibn Majah 3950).
Examples: Consensus has been reached on topics like the five daily prayers and inheritance laws.
3. Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)
Definition: Qiyas involves making rulings on new issues by using reasoning based on existing Shariah principles.
Example: Just as wine is forbidden because it intoxicates, modern intoxicants (like drugs) are also prohibited.
Hadith Evidence:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “Whatever intoxicates in large quantities, a small amount of it is also forbidden.” (Sunan Abu Dawood 3681).
This Hadith supports Qiyas by applying the same rule to other intoxicating substances.
4. Ijtehad (Independent Juristic Reasoning)
Definition: Ijtehad is a scholar’s effort to find Islamic rulings on new matters.
Conditions: Only qualified scholars (Mujtahid) can perform Ijtehad.
Hadith Encouraging Ijtehad:
The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, “If a judge makes a ruling, striving to apply his reasoning and gets it right, he will have two rewards; if he gets it wrong, he will still have one reward.” (Sahih Bukhari 7352).
Modern Examples: Topics like digital finance and bioethics are explored through Ijtehad.
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